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Emergency Management Guide For Business & Industry
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A step-by-step approach to emergency planning, response and recovery for companies of all sizes. Sponsored by a Public-Private Partnership with the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

SECTION 3 -- HAZARD-SPECIFIC INFORMATION
This section provides information about some of the most common hazards:

Fire

Hazardous Materials Incidents

Floods and Flash Floods

Hurricanes

Tornadoes

Severe Winter Storms

Earthquakes

Technological Emergencies

1. HAZARDS: FIRE.
   Fire is the most common of all the hazards. Every year fires cause thousands of deaths and injuries and billions of dollars in property damage.

   Planning Considerations

   Consider the following when developing your plan:
   
   

   a. Meet with the fire department to talk about the community's fire response capabilities. Talk about your operations. Identify processes and materials that could cause or fuel a fire, or contaminate the environment in a fire.
   
   

   b. Have your facility inspected for fire hazards. Ask about fire codes and regulations.
   
   

   c. Ask your insurance carrier to recommend fire prevention and protection measures. Your carrier may also offer training.
   
   

   d. Distribute fire safety information to employees: how to prevent fires in the workplace, how to contain a fire, how to evacuate the facility, where to report a fire.
   
   

   e. Instruct personnel to use the stairs -- not elevators -- in a fire. Instruct them to crawl on their hands and knees when escaping a hot or smoke-filled area.
   
   

   f. Conduct evacuation drills. Post maps of evacuation routes in prominent places. Keep evacuation routes including stairways and doorways clear of debris.
   
   

   g. Assign fire wardens for each area to monitor shutdown and evacuation procedures.
   
   

   h. Establish procedures for the safe handling and storage of flammable liquids and gases.
   
   

   i. Establish procedures to prevent the accumulation of combustible materials.
   
   

   j. Provide for the safe disposal of smoking materials.
   
   

   k. Establish a preventive maintenance schedule to keep equipment operating safely.
   
   

   l. Place fire extinguishers in appropriate locations.
   
   

   m. Train employees in use of fire extinguishers.
   
   

   n. Install smoke detectors. Check smoke detectors once a month, change batteries at least once a year.
   
   

   o. Establish a system for warning personnel of a fire. Consider installing a fire alarm with automatic notification to the fire department.
   
   

   p. Consider installing a sprinkler system, fire hoses and fire-resistant walls and doors.
   
   

   q. Ensure that key personnel are familiar with all fire safety systems.
   
   

   r. Identify and mark all utility shutoffs so that electrical power, gas or water can be shut off quickly by fire wardens or responding personnel.

   
   
   

   Determine the level of response your facility will take if a fire occurs. Among the options are:
   
   

   Option 1 -- Immediate evacuation of all personnel on alarm.
   
   

   Option 2 -- All personnel are trained in fire extinguisher use. Personnel in the immediate area of a fire attempt to control it. If they cannot, the fire alarm is sounded and all personnel evacuate.
   
   

   Option 3 -- Only designated personnel are trained in fire extinguisher use.
   
   

   Option 4 -- A fire team is trained to fight incipient-stage fires that can be controlled without protective equipment or breathing apparatus. Beyond this level fire, the team evacuates.
   
   

   Option 5 -- A fire team is trained and equipped to fight structural fires using protective equipment and breathing apparatus.

   
   
   

2. HAZARDS: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENTS.
   Hazardous materials are substances that are either flammable or combustible, explosive, toxic, noxious, corrosive, oxidizable, an irritant or radioactive.

   A hazardous material spill or release can pose a risk to life, health or property. An incident can result in the evacuation of a few people, a section of a facility or an entire neighborhood.

   There are a number of Federal laws that regulate hazardous materials, including: the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA), the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the Clean Air Act.

   Title III of SARA regulates the packaging, labeling, handling, storage and transportation of hazardous materials. The law requires facilities to furnish information about the quantities and health effects of materials used at the facility, and to promptly notify local and State officials whenever a significant release of hazardous materials occurs.

   In addition to on-site hazards, you should be aware of the potential for an off-site incident affecting your operations. You should also be aware of hazardous materials used in facility processes and in the construction of the physical plant.Detailed definitions as well as lists of hazardous materials can be obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

   Planning ConsiderationsConsider the following when developing your plan:

   a. Identify and label all hazardous materials stored, handled, produced and disposed of by your facility. Follow government regulations that apply to your facility. Obtain material safety data sheets (MSDS) for all hazardous materials at your location.
   
   

   b. Ask the local fire department for assistance in developing appropriate response procedures.
   
   

   c. Train employees to recognize and report hazardous material spills and releases. Train employees in proper handling and storage.
   
   

   d. Establish a hazardous material response plan:
   

   (1) Establish procedures to notify management and emergency response organizations of an incident.

   (2) Establish procedures to warn employees of an incident.

   (3) Establish evacuation procedures.

   
   
   

   e. Depending on your operations, organize and train an emergency response team to confine and control hazardous material spills in accordance with applicable regulations.
   
   

   f. Identify other facilities in your area that use hazardous materials. Determine whether an incident could affect your facility.
   
   

   g. Identify highways, railroads and waterways near your facility used for the transportation of hazardous materials. Determine how a transportation accident near your facility could affect your operations.

   
   
   

3. HAZARDS: FLOODS AND FLASH FLOODS.
   Floods are the most common and widespread of all natural disasters. Most communities in the United States can experience some degree of flooding after spring rains, heavy thunderstorms or winter snow thaws.

   Most floods develop slowly over a period of days. Flash floods, however, are like walls of water that develop in a matter of minutes. Flash floods can be caused by intense storms or dam failure.

   Planning ConsiderationsConsider the following when preparing for floods:

   a. Ask your local emergency management office whether your facility is located in a flood plain. Learn the history of flooding in your area. Learn the elevation of your facility in relation to steams, rivers and dams.
   
   

   b. Review the community's emergency plan. Learn the community's evacuation routes. Know where to find higher ground in case of a flood.
   
   

   c. Establish warning and evacuation procedures for the facility. Make plans for assisting employees who may need transportation.
   
   

   d. Inspect areas in your facility subject to flooding. Identify records and equipment that can be moved to a higher location. Make plans to move records and equipment in case of flood.
   
   

   e. Purchase a NOAA Weather Radio with a warning alarm tone and battery backup. Listen for flood watches and warnings.
   
   

   f. Flood Watch -- Flooding is possible. Stay tuned to NOAA radio. Be prepared to evacuate. Tune to local radio and television stations for additional information.
   
   

   g. Flood Warning -- Flooding is already occurring or will occur soon. Take precautions at once. Be prepared to go to higher ground. If advised, evacuate immediately.
   
   

   h. Ask your insurance carrier for information about flood insurance. Regular property and casualty insurance does not cover flooding.
   
   

   i. Consider the feasibility of floodproofing your facility. There are three basic types of methods.

   Permanent floodproofing measures are taken before a flood occurs and require no human intervention when flood waters rise. They include:

   a. Filling windows, doors or other openings with water-resistant materials such as concrete blocks or bricks. This approach assumes the structure is strong enough to withstand flood waters.
   
   

   b. Installing check valves to prevent water from entering where utility and sewer lines enter the facility.
   
   

   c. Reinforcing walls to resist water pressure. Sealing walls to prevent or reduce seepage.
   
   

   d. Building watertight walls around equipment or work areas within the facility that are particularly susceptible to flood damage.
   
   

   e. Constructing floodwalls or levees outside the facility to keep flood waters away.
   
   

   f. Elevating the facility on walls, columns or compacted fill. This approach is most applicable to new construction, though many types of buildings can be elevated.

   Contingent floodproofing measures are also taken before a flood but require some additional action when flooding occurs. These measures include:

   a. Installing watertight barriers called flood shields to prevent the passage of water through doors, windows, ventilation shafts or other openings
   
   

   b. Installing permanent watertight doors
   
   

   c. Constructing movable floodwalls
   
   

   d. Installing permanent pumps to remove flood waters

   Emergency floodproofing measures are generally less expensive than those listed above, though they require substantial advance warning and do not satisfy the minimum requirements for watertight floodproofing as set forth by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). They include:

   a. Building walls with sandbags
   
   

   b. Constructing a double row of walls with boards and posts to create a "crib," then filling the crib with soil
   
   

   c. Constructing a single wall by stacking small beams or planks on top of each other
   
   

   d. Consider the need for backup systems:
   

   (1) Portable pumps to remove flood water

   (2) Alternate power sources such as generators or gasoline-powered pumps

   (3) Battery-powered emergency lighting

   
   
   

   e. Participate in community flood control projects.

   
   
   

4. HAZARDS: HURRICANES.
   Hurricanes are severe tropical storms with sustained winds of 74 miles per hour or greater. Hurricane winds can reach 160 miles per hour and extend inland for hundreds of miles.

   Hurricanes bring torrential rains and a storm surge of ocean water that crashes into land as the storm approaches. Hurricanes also spawn tornadoes.

   Hurricane advisories are issued by the National Weather Service as soon as a hurricane appears to be a threat. The hurricane season lasts from June through November.

   Planning ConsiderationsThe following are considerations when preparing for hurricanes:

   a. Ask your local emergency management office about community evacuation plans.
   
   

   b. Establish facility shutdown procedures. Establish warning and evacuation procedures. Make plans for assisting employees who may need transportation.
   
   

   c. Make plans for communicating with employees' families before and after a hurricane.
   
   

   d. Purchase a NOAA Weather Radio with a warning alarm tone and battery backup.
   
   

   e. Listen for hurricane watches and warnings.
   
   

   f. Hurricane Watch -- A hurricane is possible within 24 to 36 hours. Stay tuned for additional advisories. Tune to local radio and television stations for additional information. An evacuation may be necessary.
   
   

   g. Hurricane Warning -- A hurricane will hit land within 24 hours. Take precautions at once. If advised, evacuate immediately.
   
   

   h. Survey your facility. Make plans to protect outside equipment and structures.
   
   

   i. Make plans to protect windows. Permanent storm shutters offer the best protection.
   
   

   j. Covering windows with 5/8' marine plywood is a second option.
   
   

   Consider the need for backup systems:
   

   Portable pumps to remove flood water

   Alternate power sources such as generators or gasoline-powered pumps

   Battery-powered emergency lighting

   Prepare to move records, computers and other items within your facility or to another location.

   
   
   

5. HAZARDS: TORNADOES.
   Tornadoes are incredibly violent local storms that extend to the ground with whirling winds that can reach 300 mph.

   Spawned from powerful thunderstorms, tornadoes can uproot trees and buildings and turn harmless objects into deadly missiles in a matter of seconds. Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide and 50 miles long.

   Tornadoes can occur in any state but occur more frequently in the Midwest, Southeast and Southwest. They occur with little or no warning.

   Planning ConsiderationsThe following are considerations when planning for tornadoes:

   a. Ask your local emergency management office about the community's tornado warning system.
   
   

   b. Purchase a NOAA Weather Radio with a warning alarm tone and battery backup. Listen for tornado watches and warnings.
   
   

   c. Tornado Watch -- Tornadoes are likely. Be ready to take shelter. Stay tuned to radio and television stations for additional information.
   
   

   d. Tornado Warning -- A tornado has been sighted in the area or is indicated by radar. Take shelter immediately.
   
   

   e. Establish procedures to inform personnel when tornado warnings are posted. Consider the need for spotters to be responsible for looking out for approaching storms.
   
   

   f. Work with a structural engineer or architect to designate shelter areas in your facility. Ask your local emergency management office or National Weather Service office for guidance.
   
   

   g. Consider the amount of space you will need. Adults require about six square feet of space; nursing home and hospital patients require more.
   
   

   h. The best protection in a tornado is usually an underground area. If an underground area is not available, consider:
   

   (1) Small interior rooms on the lowest floor and without windows

   (2) Hallways on the lowest floor away from doors and windows

   (3) Rooms constructed with reinforced concrete, brick or block with no windows and a heavy concrete floor or roof system overhead

   (4) Protected areas away from doors and windows

   Note: Auditoriums, cafeterias and gymnasiums that are covered with a flat, wide-span roof are not considered safe.

   
   

   i. Make plans for evacuating personnel away from lightweight modular offices or mobile home-size buildings. These structures offer no protection from tornadoes.
   
   

   j. Conduct tornado drills.
   
   

   k. Once in the shelter, personnel should protect their heads with their arms and crouch down.

   
   
   

6. HAZARDS: SEVERE WINTER STORMS.
   Severe winter storms bring heavy snow, ice, strong winds and freezing rain. Winter storms can prevent employees and customers from reaching the facility, leading to a temporary shutdown until roads are cleared. Heavy snow and ice can also cause structural damage and power outages.

   Planning ConsiderationsFollowing are considerations for preparing for winter storms:

   a. Listen to NOAA Weather Radio and local radio and television stations for weather information:
   
   

   b. Winter Storm Watch -- Severe winter weather is possible.
   
   

   c. Winter Storm Warning -- Severe winter weather is expected.
   
   

   d. Blizzard Warning -- Severe winter weather with sustained winds of at least 35 mph is expected.
   
   

   e. Traveler's Advisory -- Severe winter conditions may make driving difficult or dangerous.
   
   

   f. Establish procedures for facility shutdown and early release of employees.
   
   

   g. Store food, water, blankets, battery-powered radios with extra batteries and other emergency supplies for employees who become stranded at the facility.
   
   

   h. Provide a backup power source for critical operations.
   
   

   i. Arrange for snow and ice removal from parking lots, walkways, loading docks, etc.

   
   

7. HAZARDS: EARTHQUAKES.
   Earthquakes occur most frequently west of the Rocky Mountains, although historically the most violent earthquakes have occurred in the central United States. Earthquakes occur suddenly and without warning.

   Earthquakes can seriously damage buildings and their contents; disrupt gas, electric and telephone services; and trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires and huge ocean waves called tsunamis. Aftershocks can occur for weeks following an earthquake.In many buildings, the greatest danger to people in an earthquake is when equipment and non-structural elements such as ceilings, partitions, windows and lighting fixtures shake loose.

   Planning ConsiderationsFollowing are guidelines for preparing for earthquakes:

   a. Assess your facility's vulnerability to earthquakes. Ask local government agencies for seismic information for your area.
   
   

   b. Have your facility inspected by a structural engineer. Develop and prioritize strengthening measures. These may include:
   

   (1) Adding steel bracing to frames

   (2) Adding sheer walls to frames

   (3) Strengthening columns and building foundations

   (4) Replacing unreinforced brick filler walls

   
   

   c. Follow safety codes when constructing a facility or making major renovations.
   
   

   d. Inspect non-structural systems such as air conditioning, communications and pollution control systems. Assess the potential for damage. Prioritize measures to prevent damages.
   
   

   e. Inspect your facility for any item that could fall, spill, break or move during an earthquake. Take steps to reduce these hazards:
   
   

   f. Move large and heavy objects to lower shelves or the floor. Hang heavy items away from where people work.
   
   

   g. Secure shelves, filing cabinets, tall furniture, desktop equipment, computers, printers, copiers and light fixtures.
   
   

   h. Secure fixed equipment and heavy machinery to the floor. Larger equipment can be placed on casters and attached to tethers which attach to the wall.
   
   

   i. Add bracing to suspended ceilings, if necessary.
   
   

   j. Install safety glass where appropriate.
   
   

   k. Secure large utility and process piping.
   
   

   l. Keep copies of design drawings of the facility to be used in assessing the facility's safety after an earthquake.
   
   

   m. Review processes for handling and storing hazardous materials. Have incompatible chemicals stored separately.
   
   

   n. Ask your insurance carrier about earthquake insurance and mitigation techniques.
   
   

   o. Establish procedures to determine whether an evacuation is necessary after an earthquake.
   
   

   p. Designate areas in the facility away from exterior walls and windows where occupants should gather after an earthquake if an evacuation is not necessary.
   
   

   q. Conduct earthquake drills. Provide personnel with the following safety information:
   
   

   r. In an earthquake, if indoors, stay there. Take cover under a sturdy piece of furniture or counter, or brace yourself against an inside wall. Protect your head and neck.
   
   

   s. If outdoors, move into the open, away from buildings, street lights and utility wires.
   
   

   t. After an earthquake, stay away from windows, skylights and items that could fall. Do not use the elevators.
   
   

   u. Use stairways to leave the building if it is determined that a building evacuation is necessary.

   
   

8. HAZARDS: TECHNOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES.
   Technological emergencies include any interruption or loss of a utility service, power source, life support system, information system or equipment needed to keep the business in operation.

   Planning ConsiderationsThe following are suggestions for planning for technological emergencies:

   Identify all critical operations, including:
   

   a. Utilities including electric power, gas, water, hydraulics, compressed air, municipal and internal sewer systems, wastewater treatment services

   b. Security and alarm systems, elevators, lighting, life support systems, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, electrical distribution system.

   c. Manufacturing equipment, pollution control equipment

   d. Communication systems, both data and voice computer networks

   e. Transportation systems including air, highway, railroad and waterway

   
   
   

   Determine the impact of service disruption.
   
   

   Ensure that key safety and maintenance personnel are thoroughly familiar with all building systems.
   
   

   Establish procedures for restoring systems. Determine need for backup systems.
   
   

   Establish preventive maintenance schedules for all systems and equipment.

Reprinted as a public Sevice, courtesy of FEMA 

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